Identificação
Identificação pessoal
- Nome completo
- Anne-Valerie GENDREL
Nomes de citação
- Gendrel, Anne-Valerie
Identificadores de autor
- Ciência ID
- 1917-59ED-F318
Websites
- https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Anne-Valerie_Gendrel (Profissional)
Domínios de atuação
- Ciências Naturais - Ciências Biológicas - Biologia Molecular
- Ciências Naturais - Ciências Biológicas - Genética e Hereditariedade
- Ciências Naturais - Ciências Biológicas - Biologia do Desenvolvimento
Idiomas
Idioma | Conversação | Leitura | Escrita | Compreensão | Peer-review |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Francês (Idioma materno) | |||||
Inglês | Utilizador proficiente (C2) | Utilizador proficiente (C2) | Utilizador proficiente (C2) | Utilizador proficiente (C2) | Utilizador proficiente (C2) |
Português | Utilizador independente (B1) | Utilizador elementar (A2) | Utilizador elementar (A1) | Utilizador independente (B2) | Utilizador elementar (A2) |
Espanhol; Castelhano | Utilizador elementar (A2) | Utilizador elementar (A2) | Utilizador elementar (A2) | Utilizador elementar (A2) | Utilizador elementar (A1) |
Formação
Grau | Classificação | |
---|---|---|
2001/10/01 - 2005/02/18
Concluído
|
Thèse de doctorat en sciences biologiques, génétique (Doctorat)
Especialização em Molecular Biology
Université Paris-Sud Faculté des Sciences d'Orsay, França
"Epigenetic control of transposable elements in the model plant system Arabidopsis thaliana, and its impact on gene expression" (TESE/DISSERTAÇÃO)
|
Mention Tres Honorable |
2000/10/01 - 2001/09/05
Concluído
|
DEA de Génétique (DEA)
Université Paris VII Denis Diderot UFR Sciences du Vivant, França
"Experimental validation of the use of chromosomal microarrays in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana" (TESE/DISSERTAÇÃO)
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1998/10/01 - 2001/09/05
Concluído
|
Magistère de Génétique (Magister (2.º ciclo de estudos))
Université Paris VII Denis Diderot UFR Sciences du Vivant, França
|
Mention très bien |
Percurso profissional
Ciência
Categoria Profissional Instituição de acolhimento |
Empregador | |
---|---|---|
2020/12/15 - Atual | Investigador Auxiliar (carreira) (Investigação) | Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Portugal |
2019/11/01 - 2020/12/15 | Investigador visitante (Investigação) | Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Portugal |
Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Portugal | ||
2014/10/01 - 2019/11/01 | Investigador (Investigação) | INSERM Délégation régionale Paris 6, França |
Institut Curie Centre de Recherche, França | ||
2009/10/01 - 2014/09/30 | Pós-doutorado (Investigação) | Institut Curie, França |
Institut Curie Centre de Recherche, França | ||
2005/05/01 - 2009/04/01 | Pós-doutorado (Investigação) | Medical Research Council, Reino Unido |
Projetos
Bolsa
Designação | Financiadores | |
---|---|---|
2023/03/01 - Atual | New horizons for Rett syndrome: exploring the role of transposable elements using genetically engineered human stem cell models
2022.02195.PTDC
Investigador responsável
Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Portugal
|
Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
Em curso
|
2023/02/15 - Atual | Dissecting the molecular mechanisms of X-chromosome inactivation using embryonic stem cells
2022.01532.PTDC
Investigador
Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Portugal
|
Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
Em curso
|
2021/12/01 - Atual | Exploring the contribution of transposable elements for the pathogenesis of Rett syndrome
3909
Investigador responsável
Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Portugal
|
Rettsyndrome.org
Em curso
|
2021/01/01 - Atual | Decoding the Role of DNA Break-Induced Transcription in Ageing
PTDC/MED-OUT/4301/2020
Investigador
Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Portugal
|
Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
Em curso
|
2022/01/01 - 2023/12/31 | X-chromosome Inactivation in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
EXPL/MED-OUT/1517/2021
Investigador
Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Portugal
|
Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
Concluído
|
2010/01/01 - 2014/03/01 | Epigenetic regulation of random monoallelic gene expression during development and in disease
Bolseiro de Pós-Doutoramento
Institut Curie, França
|
European Research Council
Concluído
|
2006/05/01 - 2010/09/01 | Role of the SmcHD1 protein on X chromosome inactivation and transposable element silencing
HFSP LT00553/2006-L
Bolseiro de Pós-Doutoramento
Medical Research Council - Clinical Sciences Centre, Reino Unido
Institut Curie Centre de Recherche, França |
Human Frontier Science Program
Concluído
|
2005/07/01 - 2006/05/01 | The role of LINE transposable elements on X-chromosome inactivation
EMBO ALTF 176-2005
Bolseiro de Pós-Doutoramento
Medical Research Council - Clinical Sciences Centre, Reino Unido
|
European Molecular Biology Organisation
Concluído
|
Projeto
Designação | Financiadores | |
---|---|---|
2020/10 - Atual | Unravelling the extent and the mechanisms by which L1 retrotransposons can influence genome function and stability
CEECIND/02085/2018
Investigador responsável
Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Portugal
|
Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
Em curso
|
2016/06/01 - 2019/09/30 | Functional analysis of the role of LINE-1 retrotransposons in X-chromosome inactivation
Investigador
Institut Curie, França
INSERM Délégation régionale Paris 6, França |
European Research Council INSERM Concluído
|
2008/04/01 - 2009/04/17 | Function of structural-maintenance-of chromosome hinge domain containing protein 1 (Smchd1) in X-chromosome inactivation and
autosomal gene regulation.
Bolseiro de Pós-Doutoramento
Medical Research Council - Clinical Sciences Centre, Reino Unido
University of Oxford Department of Biochemistry, Reino Unido |
Wellcome Trust
Concluído
|
Produções
Publicações
Artigo em jornal |
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Artigo em revista |
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Capítulo de livro |
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Pré-impressão |
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Atividades
Apresentação oral de trabalho
Título da apresentação | Nome do evento Anfitrião (Local do evento) |
|
---|---|---|
2023/05/23 | Evaluating the cis-regulatory potential of full-length LINE-1 elements. | Seminar invitation from Dr. Philippe Arnaud.
Institute of Genetics, Reproduction and Development (iGReD) ( Clermont-Ferrand, França)
|
2022/10/19 | Evaluating the cis-regulatory potential of full-length LINE-1 elements | EpIC conference - EpiGene3Sys meets INC-Spain to ChromDesign the Genome
Centro Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica (GENYO) (Granada, Espanha)
|
2021/05/31 | Regulation of monoallelic expression: beyond X-chromosome inactivation | Invited lecture for Institute of Genetics and Biophysics
Institute of Genetics and Biophysics (Naples, Itália)
|
2017/09/19 | Regulation of monoallelic gene expression: X-chromosome inactivation and beyond | CBI call for recruitment of group leaders
Centre de Biologie Integrative (Toulouse, França)
|
2016/10/11 | Exploring the regulation of LINE-1 elements and their role in X inactivation and gene expression in the mouse | IGFL call for group leaders
Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, France (Lyon, França)
|
2015/11/15 | Autosomal Random Monoallelic Gene Expression in Development and Disease | SyBoSS (Systems Biology of Stem Cells and Reprogramming) consortium final meeting
(PARIS, França)
|
2015/06/01 | The developmental dynamics and disease potential of random monoallelic expression | Invitation from Dr. Eric Gilson
Institute of Research cancer and aging in Nice (IRCAN) (Nice, França)
|
2015/05/27 | Investigating the dynamics and mechanisms underlying random monoallelic expression during development | Invitation from Dr. Pierre-Olivier Couraud
Institut Cochin (Paris, França)
|
2014/05/13 | The developmental dynamics and disease potential of random monoallelic expression | Invitation from Dr. Robert Feil
Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (IGMM) (Montpellier, França)
|
2013/05 | Random monoallelic expression in development and disease | Colloque “Epigenetic Mechanisms and Genetic Disease”
Collège de France (Paris, França)
|
2011/09 | Smchd1 dependent and independent pathways determine developmental dynamics of CpG island methylation on the inactive X chromosome | ICC meeting on Imprinting and beyond: monoallelic regulation in health and disease
(Barcelona, Espanha)
|
2011/07 | Smchd1 dependent and independent pathways determine developmental dynamics of CpG island methylation on the inactive X chromosome | 50 Years of X-inactivation Research
EMBO Workshop (Oxford, Reino Unido)
|
2010/01/29 | Investigating the function of the Smchd1 protein, a new regulator of epigenetic gene silencing | Epigenome NoE Workshop, X inactivation and imprinting
(Emmetten, Suiça)
|
2005/04/27 | Transposable elements, heterochromatin and epigenetic control in Arabidopsis | Invitation from Dr. Anton Wutz (EMBO interview)
Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP) (Vienna, Áustria)
|
2005/03/16 | Epigenetic regulation of transposable elements and genome expression in Arabidopsis | Invited seminar by Dr. Philippe Arnaud
Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (IGMM) (Montpellier, França)
|
2004/11/18 | Role of transposable elements in heterochromatin and epigenetic control in Arabidopsis | Invited seminar by Prof. Ueli Grossniklaus
Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zürich (Zurich, Suiça)
|
2004/09/10 | Transposable elements, heterochromatin and epigenetic control in Arabidopsis | Invited seminar by Prof. Neil Brockdorff
MRC - Clinical Sciences Centre (London, Reino Unido)
|
2004/07 | Chromosome wide analysis of transposon-mediated gene regulation in Arabidopsis | XIIème colloque Eléments transposables
(Tours, França)
|
Orientação
Título / Tema Papel desempenhado |
Curso (Tipo) Instituição / Organização |
|
---|---|---|
2023/01/10 - Atual | Functional approaches to investigate the role of LINE-1 elements in the maintenance of X-chromosome inactivation
Orientador de Anna Le Breton
|
Research technician (Outra)
Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Portugal
|
2023/02/09 - 2023/11/28 | Exploring the contribution of transposable elements for the pathogenesis of Rett syndrome
Orientador de Margarida Bettencourt
|
Mestrado em Engenharia Biomédica (Mestrado)
Universidade de Lisboa Instituto Superior Técnico, Portugal
Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Portugal |
2021/11/01 - 2022/10/31 | Uncovering the role of retrotransposons in the cellular aging process, using a Progeria cell model
Orientador de Pedro Miguel Cordeiro Sousa
|
25.º PROGRAMA - EDUCAÇÃO PELA CIÊNCIA (2021/2022) (Mestrado)
Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Portugal
Universidade de Lisboa Faculdade de Medicina, Portugal |
2022/03/28 - 2022/08/26 | Investigating the role of line-1 elements on gene expression and X-chromosome inactivation
Orientador de Romane Gulh
|
Master 1 in Genetics - Magistere Europeen de Genetique (Mestrado)
Université Paris VII Denis Diderot UFR Sciences du Vivant, França
Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Portugal |
2021/02/15 - 2021/11/30 | Investigating the role of LINE-1 elements in gene expression and genome stability through functional approaches
Orientador de Inês Cardial Mendes Dias
|
Mestrado Integrado em Engenharia Biológica (MIEB) - Tecnico Lisboa (Mestrado)
Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Portugal
Universidade de Lisboa Instituto Superior Técnico, Portugal |
2020/02/03 - 2020/11/30 | Exploring the impact of LINE-1 retrotransposons activation or repression on gene expression in mouse ES cells
Orientador de Lenka Henao Misiková
|
Erasmus MSc student (Mestrado)
Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Portugal
|
2014/10/01 - 2019/04/01 | Exploring the mechanims underlying random monoallelic expression during differentiation of mouse ES cells into neural progenitor
cells
Coorientador de Benjamin Forêt
|
Research technician (Outra)
Institut Curie, França
|
2017/01/01 - 2017/06/20 | Assessing the role of active LINE-1 transcription on X-chromosome inactivation
Orientador de Yann Meheust
|
Master 2 student, Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon (Lyon, France) (Mestrado)
Institut Curie, França
|
2016/02/15 - 2016/12/31 | Developing functional approaches to investigate the role of LINE-1 transposable elements in X-chromosome inactivation in mouse
ES cells
Orientador de Valentina Carlini
|
Master 2. Erasmus + project Unipharma-Graduates (Italy) (Mestrado)
Institut Curie, França
|
2015/09/01 - 2016/02/15 | Development of functional approaches to explore random monoallelic expression and X-chromosome inactivation during mouse ES
cell differentiation
Orientador de Kalliopi Chatzovoulou
|
Bachelor student, Erasmus plus placement programme, University of Thessaly (Volos, Greece) (Licenciatura/Bacharelato)
Institut Curie, França
|
2013/04/01 - 2013/06/01 | Exploring the random monoallelic expression of Eya genes genes after differentiation of mouse ES cells into neural progenitor
cells
Orientador de Jacques Serizay
|
Bachelor, Ecole Normale Superieure de Cachan, Cachan, France (Licenciatura/Bacharelato)
Institut Curie, França
|
2006/05/01 - 2006/08/01 | Smchd1 as a Potential Modulator of Gene Silencing
Orientador de Thomas Spruce
|
MRes Biomedical Sciences Degree, MRC, UK (Mestrado)
Medical Research Council - Clinical Sciences Centre, Reino Unido
|
2005/10/01 - 2005/12/31 | Investigating the correlation between L1 density and CpG methylation in X chromosome inactivation
Orientador de Emily Brookes
|
MRes Biomedical Sciences Degree, MRC, UK (Mestrado)
Medical Research Council - Clinical Sciences Centre, Reino Unido
|
2003/02/01 - 2003/05/30 | Characterization of the reactivation of genes located on the heterochromatic knob on Arabidospsis thaliana chromosome 4
Orientador de Nathanaël Lemonnier
|
Master of Science - Université Denis Diderot (Paris VII) (Mestrado)
Plant Genomics Research Unit - Unité de recherche en Génomique Végétale, França
|
Participação em evento
Descrição da atividade Tipo de evento |
Nome do evento Instituição / Organização |
|
---|---|---|
2023/06/19 - 2023/06/22 | Poster presentation: Evaluating the cis-regulatory potential of full-length LINE-1 elements: implications for X-chromosome
inactivation.
Conferência
|
EMBO workshop: X-chromosome inactivation: New insights on its 60th anniversary, Berlin, Germany.
European Molecular Biology Organisation, Alemanha
|
2023/06/05 - 2023/06/07 | Poster presentation: Exploring the contribution of transposable elements for the pathogenesis of Rett syndrome.
Encontro
|
2023 IRSF Rett Syndrome Scientific Meeting
Rettsyndrome.org, Estados Unidos
|
2019/06/07 - 2019/06/07 | Oral presentation for the general public - festival 'Nuit Sciences et Lettres'.
Au-delà du déterminisme génétique: variabilité du vivant et diversité permis par l’épigénétique.
Festival
|
Nuit Sciences et Lettres
École Normale Supérieure, França
|
2014/08/30 - 2014/09/04 | Poster presentation: Developmental Dynamics and Disease Potential of Random Monoallelic Gene Expression.
Conferência
|
EMBO-FEBS anniversary conference, Paris, France
European Molecular Biology Organisation, Alemanha
Federation of European Biochemical Societies, Reino Unido |
2011/09/21 - 2011/09/23 | Poster presentation: Smchd1 dependent and independent pathways determine developmental dynamics of CpG island methylation
on the inactive X chromosome.
Conferência
|
ICC on Genomic Imprinting and Beyond
Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, Espanha
|
2008/07/06 - 2008/07/09 | Poster presentation: The SmcHD1 protein, a new regulator of epigenetic gene silencing in X-chromosome inactivation
Encontro
|
Eight HFSP awardees annual meeting, Berlin, Germany
Human Frontier Science Program, França
|
2004/05/28 - 2004/06/02 | Poster presentation: Chromosome-wide analysis of epigenetic variation in Arabidopsis.
Simpósio
|
Cold Spring Harbor Symposium on Epigenetics, NY, USA.
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Estados Unidos
|
2003/06/19 - 2003/06/22 | Poster presentation: Global profiling of transcription and epigenetic marks across a heterochromatic region in Arabidopsis.
Conferência
|
First Alan Wolffe EMBO Workshop on Chromatin and Epigenetics, Heidelberg, Germany.
European Molecular Biology Organisation, Alemanha
|
Júri de grau académico
Tema Tipo de participação |
Nome do candidato (Tipo de grau) Instituição / Organização |
|
---|---|---|
2023/11/28 | Developing human stem cell models to explore the contribution of transposable elements for the pathophysiology of Rett syndrome.
Orientador
|
Margarida Pinho Gonçalves Bento de Bettencourt (Mestrado)
Universidade de Lisboa Instituto Superior Técnico, Portugal
|
2023/11/23 | Exploring the role of the ESCRT-III proteins in response to telomeric replication stress in ALT cancer cells
Arguente principal
|
Inês Vaz Fernandes Teixeira Justo (Mestrado)
Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal
|
2021/12/03 | PhD thesis - X chromosome transcriptional activity in humans, from early embryonic stages to adult somatic cells
Arguente
|
Louis Chauviere (Doutoramento)
Université de Paris, França
|
2021/11/30 | Establishing cellular models to investigate the role of LINE-1 elements in X-chromosome inactivation and
genome stability
Orientador
|
Inês Cardial Mendes Dias (Mestrado)
Universidade de Lisboa Instituto Superior Técnico, Portugal
Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Portugal |
2021/06/25 | Bachelor internship evaluation - TERRA Transcription Upregulation Effects on Telomere Stability and Cell Proliferation
Arguente principal
|
João Pedro Pina Rebelo (Outro)
Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Portugal
Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal |
2018/09 | Master 1 internship evaluation | David Benacom (Mestrado)
École Normale Supérieure, França
Université PSL, França |
2017/07/06 | PhD thesis - The ICF syndrome and emergent players in DNA methylation and development: when studying a rare genetic disease
sheds light on an "old" field
Arguente
|
Giacomo Grillo (Doutoramento)
Sorbonne Université, França
|
2006/05 | Assessors of MRes rotation report (MRes Biomedical Sciences Degree, MRC, London, UK)
Vogal
|
Matthew Bishop (Mestrado)
Medical Research Council - Clinical Sciences Centre, Reino Unido
|
Comissão de avaliação
Descrição da atividade Tipo de assessoria |
Instituição / Organização | Entidade financiadora | |
---|---|---|---|
2021/12/15 - Atual | Research day - Chair of oral communications' session.
24.º Workshop 'Educação pela Ciência' | Bolsas CHULN/FMUL.
Coordenador
|
Universidade de Lisboa Faculdade de Medicina, Portugal | |
2017/03 - Atual | Member of the review board of the Institut Curie - IC-3i PhD Program
Avaliador
|
Institut Curie, França | Institut Curie |
2023/05/09 - 2023/05/12 | Evaluation of oral presentations. XVI CAML PhD Students Meeting
Avaliador
|
Centro Académico de Medicina de Lisboa, Portugal Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Portugal |
|
2023/03 - 2023/03 | Evaluation of candidates for the 2023 João Lobo Antunes Merit PhD Thesis Award
Avaliador
|
Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Portugal | |
2022/05/04 - 2022/05/06 | Evaluation of oral presentations. XV CAML - V NeurUlisboa PhD Students Meeting
Avaliador
|
Centro Académico de Medicina de Lisboa, Portugal Universidade de Lisboa Faculdade de Medicina, Portugal Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Portugal |
|
2021/10/15 - 2021/11/15 | Evaluation of the applications to the Programa 'Educação pela Ciência' | Bolsas CHULN/FMUL 2021-2022
Avaliador
|
Universidade de Lisboa Faculdade de Medicina, Portugal | |
2021/05/05 - 2021/05/07 | Evaluation of oral presentations. XIV CAML - IV NeurUlisboa PhD Students Virtual Meeting.
Avaliador
|
Universidade de Lisboa Faculdade de Medicina, Portugal Centro Académico de Medicina de Lisboa, Portugal Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Portugal |
Consultoria / Parecer
Descrição da atividade | Instituição / Organização | |
---|---|---|
2023/10/05 - 2023/12/08 | Expert for HORIZON-MSCA-2023-PF-01 postdoctoral fellowships | European Commission Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions, Bélgica |
2022/10/07 - 2022/12/05 | Expert for HORIZON-MSCA-2022-PF-01 postdoctoral fellowships | European Commission Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions, Bélgica |
2021/11/05 - 2021/12/20 | Expert for HORIZON-MSCA-2021-PF-01 postdoctoral fellowships | European Commission Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions, Bélgica |
2020/10/01 - 2020/11/10 | Expert for H2020-MSCA-IF-2020 postdoctoral fellowships | European Commission Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions, Bélgica |
2015/02/01 - 2015/05/29 | Expert for European Commission FP7 | European Commission Seventh Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development, Bélgica |
Curso / Disciplina lecionado
Disciplina | Curso (Tipo) | Instituição / Organização | |
---|---|---|---|
2015/11/15 - Atual | Magistère européen de Génétique | Epigenetics (Magister (2.º ciclo de estudos)) | Université Paris VII Denis Diderot UFR Sciences du Vivant, França |
Revisão ad hoc de artigos em revista
Nome da revista (ISSN) | Editora | |
---|---|---|
2022/05/01 - Atual | Frontiers in Genetics (1664-8021) | Frontiers Media |
2022/01 - Atual | Communications biology (2399-3642) | Nature Portfolio |
2021/07 - Atual | G3 Genes, Genomes, Genetics (2160-1836) | Genetics Society of America |
2020/09 - Atual | Nature Communications (2041-1723) | Nature Portfolio |
2020/08 - Atual | Trends in Genetics (1362-4555) | Cell Press |
2020/08 - Atual | FEBS letter (1873-3468) | FEBS Press |
2018/04 - Atual | eLife (2050-084X) | eLife Sciences Publications Ltd |
2017 - Atual | Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences (1471-2970) | The Royal Society |
2016 - Atual | Genes | MDPI |
2016 - Atual | Cell Reports (2211-1247) | Cell Press |
2015 - Atual | Genome Research (1088-9051) | Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press |
2013 - Atual | PLoS ONE (1932-6203) | Public Library of Science |
Distinções
Outra distinção
2020 | FCT Stimulus of Scientific Employment, Individual Support - Assistant Researcher
Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, Portugal
|
2014 | INSERM researcher position (permanent)
INSERM Délégation régionale Paris 6, França
|
2007 | HFSP post-doctoral fellowship
Human Frontier Science Program, França
|
2006 | EMBO Postdoctoral Fellowship
European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Alemanha
|
2004 | Fellowship 'fin de thèse' from Fondation Recherche Medicale
Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, França
|
2001 | PhD fellowship
Gouvernement francais Ministere de l'education nationale, França
|